Power System Architectures for the Commercial Buildings


In the previous Topic; Specific Electrical Design Requirements for Commercial Buildings, I listed the famous power system architectures for the commercial buildings as follows:

  1. Low building, type 1: One supply section. 
  2. Low building, type 2: Two supply sections. 
  3. High-rise building, type 1: Central power supply, cables. 
  4. High-rise building, type 2: Central power supply, busbars. 
  5. High-rise building, type 3: Transformers at remote location. 
  6. High-rise building, type 4: Distributed supply, cables. 
  7. High-rise building, type 5: Distributed power supply, busbars. 
And today, I will explain these types in detailed.


Low building, type 1: One supply section


Conditions for using this power system architecture:
1- If the following rule is verified:

The number of building floors must not exceed the max. Number of floors for one supply section (i) calculated by equation#1.

If:
Max. Side length of the building = a (in meter)

One Floor area A = a2 (in square meter)

Height per floor = h (in meter)


Then:

Max. Number of floors for one supply section (i) ≤ (100 – 2a) / h (equation#1)

If the number of floors exceed the max. Number of floors for one supply section (i) calculated by equation#1, then we must use other types of power system architecture.

Note: all buildings have number of floors ≤ 4 are low rise buildings.


2- If the (Ground area / total area) of the building ≤ 2,500 m2 / 10,000 m2

Note: if floor area ≤ 2,500 m2, so there will be only one central equipment room per floor feed from the LVMD (Low Voltage Main Distribution switchgear)


3- If the power density of the building loads have the following limits:
  • Power required 1,000 to 2,000 kW 
  • Segmentation of power required 85 % utilized area (i.e. functional area like Offices, Briefing rooms, Data center, Canteen kitchen with casino, Heating/ventilation/air conditioning, Fire protection and Transport) And 15 % side area (i.e. shafts, fountains, green area, sky lighting area and etc.) 

4- If the power supply needed for the building have the following requirements:
  • Supply types 100 % total power from the public grid; (Supply of all installations and consumer Devices available in the building).
  • 10–30 % of the total power for safety power supply (SPS) from generators; (Supply of life-protecting facilities in case of danger, e.g.: Safety lighting, Elevators for firefighters, Fire-extinguishing equipment).
  • 5–20 % of the total power for uninterruptible power supply (UPS); (Supply of sensitive consumer devices which must be operated without interruption in the event of a NPS failure / fault, e.g.: Tunnel lighting, airfield lighting, and Servers / computers and Communications equipment).

Example for 
one supply section  power system architecture:


We have a building with 1200 VA total load power, 4 floors and floor area 2,500 m2 with total area 10,000 m2.

Solution selected for this building is using the one supply section power system architecture as follows:

Design solution
Advantages of this solution
Benefits from this solution
Using Central transformer supply close to load center
Supply at the load center, short LV cables, low losses

Low costs, time savings during installation

Radial network

Transparent structure

Easy operation and fault localization

Transformer module with 2 × 630 kVA,

Voltage stability, lighter design

Optimized voltage quality, economical

Redundant supply unit:
– Generator 400 kVA (30 %) (the smaller the generator, the greater the short-circuit current must be in relation to the nominal current)
– UPS 200 kVA (15 %)

Supply of important consumers on all floors in the event of a fault, e.g. during power failure of the public grid
Increased reliability of supply

Safety power supply

Safety power supply in acc. with DIN VDE 0100-718

Supply of sensitive and important consumers

Uninterruptible supply of
consumers, e.g. during power failure of the public grid

Use Medium-voltage switchgear from type SF6 gas-insulated


Compact switchgear; independent of climate

Minimized space requirements for electric utilities room; no maintenance required

Use Transformer from type cast-resin with reduced losses

Low fire load, indoor installation

Economical

Use Low-voltage main distribution with  central grounding point ( which splitting of PEN in PE and N to the TN-S system)


EMC-friendly power system

Protection from electromagnetic
interference (e.g. to prevent lower transmission rates at communication lines)

Use Wiring / main route as cables

Central measurement of current,voltage, power, e.g. for billing, cost center allocation

Cost transparency

Use Connection inside substation ( Transformer – LVMD- NPS – SPS) as busbars

Easy installation



 And the power system architecture will be as follows:

one supply section  power system architecture

Where:


NPS
Normal power supply
PCO
Power company or system operator
FF
Firefighters
HVAC
Heating – Ventilation – Air conditioning
MS
Medium-voltage switchboard
LVMD
Low-voltage main distribution
SPS
Safety power supply
UPS
Uninterruptible power supply
z
Power monitoring system



In the next Topic, I will explain the “Low building, type 2: Two supply sections” power system architecture. So, please keep following.




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