This glossary will help you to understand the technical
meaning for any term or expression which will facilitate your understanding for
the Lift Traffic design calculations.
Please read this glossary carefully because you will need to come back to it while reviewing the articles of this course: Elevators Traffic Design and Motor power sizing Calculations.
Please read this glossary carefully because you will need to come back to it while reviewing the articles of this course: Elevators Traffic Design and Motor power sizing Calculations.
Glossary of Lift Traffic design calculations – Part One
|
Term
|
Definition
|
Ambient temperature
|
The temperature of the
surrounding air at a particular point in time.
|
angle of inclination
|
|
Arrangement: criss-cross
|
An escalator installation
where the adjacent units have boarding and alighting at opposite ends from
each other
|
Arrangement: multiple
parallel
|
An arrangement of
escalators where a number of installations running in both directions are
located parallel to each other.
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Arrangement: zig-zag
|
An escalator installation
where the adjacent units have boarding and alighting at opposite ends from
each other.
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Arrival rate: down peak
passenger
|
The number of passengers
arriving at an elevator system for service during a five minute peak period,
when traffic is predominately in the down direction.
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Arrival rate: interfloor
passenger
|
The number of passengers
arriving at an elevator system for service during any five minute period,
with no dominant traffic pattern.
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Arrival rate: up peak
passenger
|
The number of passengers
arriving at an elevator system for service during a five minute peak period,
when traffic is predominately in the up direction.
|
Arrival rate: up peak
percentage
|
The number of passengers
arriving at the main floor of an elevator system for service during the worst
five minute period during an up peak traffic condition expressed as a
percentage of the total building population.
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Automatic by-pass.
|
A feature of an elevator
supervisory control system, which causes the elevator car to automatically
by-pass landing calls
under certain
circumstances, such as when a car is fully loaded and has no room for further
passengers, or a car is making a special trip to serve a demand at a distant
floor e.g. lobby service, heavy demand call etc.
|
automatic control
|
A generic term, which is
used to define any error activated, power amplifying, negative feedback,
closed loop control system.
|
Automatic pushbutton
control
|
A term used to define the
simplest means of automatically controlling a single car, where a car may be
called
No a floor by the pushing of a landing
pushbutton (provided it is not already busy) and commanded to travel to a
destination floor by the operation of a car call pushbutton.
|
Auxiliary supply
|
An alternative supply to
the main power supply source.
|
Average car load
|
The total number of
passengers carried in one direction of travel, divided by the number of trips
in that direction, averaged over a certain time period, usually taken as five
minutes, hence up peak or down peak average car load
|
Balanced traffic
|
A term used in connection
with the interfloor traffic condition to indicate that the traffic flows in
both up and down directions are substantially equal.
|
Bank (1)
|
A number of groups of
cars placed physically together, with each group serving a particular zone of
a building, where more than one group may serve the same zone and it is
possible to have a bank comprising one group only.
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Bank (2)
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A number of escalators in
close proximity.
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Basement service
|
Service provided to a
floor or floors below the main terminal in a building, which may be
restricted at times in order to improve the service to other parts of the
building.
|
bi-directional
|
The ability to operate in
two directions
|
Bottom landing
|
The lower end of an
escalator where passengers board or exit.
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Bottom terminal landing
|
The lowest landing in a
building, which an elevator serves, where passengers may enter and leave the
car.
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Building: commercial
|
A building in which
people work; such as offices, stores, industrial.
|
Building: institutional
|
A building in which
people receive a service; such as hospitals, school, universities, public
buildings.
|
Building: residential
|
Buildings in which people
live; such as houses, hotels, flats, hostels.
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Building: retail
|
A building from which a
product or service is sold.
|
By-pass floors
|
Floors, which are
by-passed in a building, as a result of a supervisory control action or
because the car is fully loaded.
|
Cab
|
That part of an elevator
car, comprising a self-contained enclosure, mounted on an elevator platform,
in which passengers or goods are carried.
|
Call
|
A demand for service by a
passenger, which is entered into an elevator supervisory control system, by
the passenger pressing either a landing or car call pushbutton
|
Capacity: handling
(elevator)
|
The total number of
passengers that an elevator system can transport in a period of five minutes
during the up peak traffic condition with a specified car loading, usually
taken as 80% of rated capacity.
|
Capacity: rated
|
The maximum legal load,
which an elevator car is permitted to carry measured in a number of
passengers or a specific weight in kg.
|
Capacity: theoretical
escalator handling
|
The total number of
passengers that an escalator system can transport in theory in the knowledge
of factors such as step width, speed, rise, etc.
|
Car
|
The load carrying unit
comprising enclosure (cab), car frame, platform and door(s).
|
Car allocation.
|
The action of an elevator
supervisory control system, when allocating a specific car to a set of
landing calls for service.
|
Car travel distance
|
The distance that the car
of an hydraulic elevator travels from the lowest landing to the top landing,
excluding overruns or ram travel.
|
Car: free
|
A car to which the
supervisory control system has not allocated any further calls and is
therefore free to be given a new assignment.
|
Car: next
|
Usually the next car to
leave a main floor as defined by the group supervisory control system.
|
Circuit protective
conductor (CPC)
|
An earthing cable
connecting an exposed conductive part of an installation to the main earth
terminal.
|
Computer aided design
(CAD)
|
A system where a digital
computer carries out the tedious and time consuming aspects of an engineering
design.
|
Control logic
|
The defined sequence and
precedence of escalator operations, both manually and automatically initiated
for normal, maintenance and fault conditions.
|
Control: directional
collective
|
Where landing calls are
registered on a set of up and down landing call push buttons, the landing and
car calls being registered in any order but are answered strictly in floor
sequence in the direction of travel, taking account of the direction of
travel of the registered landing calls.
|
Control: drive.
|
The system which controls
the starting, stopping, direction of motion, acceleration, retardation, and
speed of the elevator car or escalator.
|
Control: group
supervisory
|
A control system which
commands a group of interconnected elevator cars with the aim of improving
the elevator system performance.
|
Control: group collective
|
A simple form of group
control system, where two (duplex) or three (triplex) cars are interconnected
and collectively controlled, but providing a means of allocation of the best
placed car to each landing call.
|
Control: non-collective
|
The simplest form of
control whereby a car will only answer a landing call if it is available.
|
Control: on-call
|
An elevator supervisory
control system where cars are dispatched to serve landing calls according to
a fixed or tunable algorithm.
|
control: scheduled
|
An elevator supervisory
control system where cars are dispatched to serve landing calls according to
a fixed schedule from terminal floors.
|
control: simplex
collective, [syn: non-selective]
|
Where landing calls are
registered on a single set of landing call push buttons, and landing and car
calls may be registered in any order, but are answered strictly in floor
sequence in the direction of travel, passengers being unable to indicate
their desired direction of travel.
|
Control: supervisory
|
An open loop control
system which is used to manage a plant or process, such as elevator traffic
control system.
|
Control: up-distributive,
down-collective
|
Where a single set of
landing push buttons indicate a down demand on floors within a building, thus
allowing the elevator system to distribute upward going passengers when
travelling in the up direction and to collect downward going passengers when
travelling in the down direction.
|
Controller
|
A controlling device in
the form of an electrical panel, normally located in the upper head of a
compact escalator and consisting of the electrical devices required to assure
proper operation of the drive mechanism.
|
Controller: programmable
|
A controlling device
which can have its operating rules altered by means of a program.
|
Conveyor
|
An endless moving belt
for the movement of goods or people.
|
car
|
part of a lift that carries passengers and/or other loads
|
control
system
|
system that controls the manner in which the lift and
doors operate
|
data-logging
|
The process of logging
(acquiring) and analyzing data automatically using a digital computer based
equipment.
|
Direct on line start
(DOL)
|
Motors that are connected
directly to the full voltage without some form of resistance or other current
or voltage limiting device in the circuit.
|
Diversity factor
|
A factor which may be
applied to reduce the sizing of services, for example electric power cables,
on the basis of a mathematical probability that not all connected equipment
will require serving at the same time.
|
down peak
|
A down peak traffic
condition exists, when the dominant or only traffic flow is in the downward
direction, with all or the majority of the passengers leaving the building at
the main terminal floor of the building.
|
Drive controller
|
A separate controller
provided on some larger escalators containing electrical and/or electronic
components or devices which interpret the outputs from the logic controller
and set the drive motors speed and direction.
|
Drive machine (elevator)
|
A power unit which
provides the means for raising and lowering the car and which comprises: the
electric motor or hydraulic power unit; gearing, brake; sheave or drum;
couplings and bedplate.
|
Drive machine (escalator)
|
The combination of motor
and gear reduction unit which forms the drive mechanism for all moving parts
on an escalator.
|
duplex
|
Two interconnected cars,
sharing a common signaling system, controlled under a simple group control
system operating under directional collective principles.
|
elevator, [syn: lift]
|
A permanent lifting
equipment, serving two or more
landing levels, provided
with a car or platform for the transportation of passengers and/or freight,
running at least partially in rigid guides either vertical or inclined to the
vertical by less than 15 degrees
|
Elevator: electric
|
A power elevator, which
uses an electrical drive machine to provide energy for the movement of the
car.
|
Elevator:
electro-hydraulic
|
A direct plunger machine,
where liquid is directly pumped under pressure into the cylinder by a pump
driven by an electric motor.
|
elevator: firefighting
|
An elevator, which may be
supplied with additional fire resistant protection, installed in a fire
protected zone and designated to have controls that enable it to be used
under the direct control of the firefighting services for emergency purposes.
|
Elevator: fireman’s
|
An elevator, which may or
may not be supplied with additional fire resistant protection, designated to
have controls that enable it to be used under the direct control of the
firefighting services for emergency purposes.
|
Elevator: freight
|
An elevator primarily
used to transport freight and goods, where only the operator and persons
necessary to load and unload the freight are permitted to travel.
|
Elevator: gravity.
|
An elevator where gravity
is used as the motive force to move the car.
|
Elevator: hand
|
An elevator where manual
energy is used to move the car.
|
Elevator: hydraulic
|
A power elevator, which
uses the energy stored in a liquid under pressure to provide the energy for
the movement of the car.
|
Elevator: inclined
|
An elevator which travels
at an inclination to the vertical of 15° or more.
|
Elevator: indirect
acting.
|
A hydraulic elevator
where the plunger or cylinder is indirectly connected to the platform or car
frame by ropes or chains.
|
Elevator:
maintained-pressure hydraulic.
|
A direct plunger elevator
where liquid under pressure is available for application to the cylinder at
all times.
|
Elevator: multideck
|
An elevator having two or
more compartments located above each other to form a multi-level stack.
|
Elevator: observation
|
An elevator designed as
an architectural feature to give passengers a panoramic view while travelling
in a partially enclosed well.
|
Elevator: passenger
|
An elevator primarily
used to carry passengers other than the operator (if any) goods and
restricted classes of passengers (such as freight handlers, employees) may be
carried.
|
Elevator: power
|
An elevator utilizing
energy other than gravitational or manual to provide motion for the car.
|
Elevator: service
|
A passenger elevator used
to transport materials, which conforms to the standards for passenger
conveyance, but is often specially strengthened to carry freight or goods.
|
Elevator: sidewalk
|
An elevator of the
freight type used to carry materials, except automobiles, between a street
level and a level or levels below.
|
Elevator: stair
|
Elevators provided for
persons with impaired mobility, which can be permanently or temporarily
installed on a stairway, which provide a seat for the person to ride on.
|
Elevator: wheelchair
|
A platform elevator,
which can be fitted to a stairway for the transportation of wheelchairs and
which generally, can be folded away when not in use.
|
Escalator
|
A power driven endless
moving stairway inclined at between
28° and 35° for the short
range upward and downward transportation of passengers.
|
Escalator: compact.
|
An escalator with the
drive machine incorporated within the bounds of the truss and typically
without separate machine areas.
|
Escalator: heavy duty public
service
|
A public service
escalator with major non wearing components suitable for operating for 40
years in an underground railway environment.
|
Escalator: spiral
|
An escalator that can
follow a curved path.
|
Escalator: wheelchair
|
An escalator designed to
transport a wheelchair.
|
entrance
|
complete landing door assembly, together with its surround
|
Floor: bottom terminal
|
Lowest floor in a
building zone from which elevator cars can load and unload passengers.
|
Floor: bypass
|
Floors at which a landing
call has been registered, but which are passed by the elevator car under
circumstances when the car is fully loaded (load bypass) or when the car has
other higher priority duties to perform (control bypass).
|
Floor: car
|
The under surface of the
interior of an elevator car, on which passengers stand.
|
Floor: dispatch
|
Floors in an elevator
zone, often the terminal floors, from which cars were dispatched under the
control of the scheduling supervisory control system.
|
Floor: express zone
terminal
|
The lowest floor of a
high rise zone in a building which is served by an elevator car after it
leaves the main terminal floor.
|
Floor: heavy duty
|
A floor at which a
considerably larger than average number of passengers are demanding service
often detected by successive cars leaving the floor fully loaded or the
immediate re-registration of a landing call as soon as a car has left a
floor.
|
Floor: highest
|
The highest, occupied or
otherwise, floor within a building.
|
Floor: highest reversal
|
The floor at which a car
reverses direction, when
travelling in an upward
direction having completed its last car call, in preparation to serve
registered down landing calls
|
Floor: lowest
|
The lowest, occupied or
otherwise, floor within a building. preparation to serve registered up
landing calls, particularly during an interfloor traffic condition.
|
Floor: main
|
The main or principal
floor of a building.
|
Floor: parking
|
A floor at which an
elevator car is parked when it has completed serving its car calls and the
supervisory control system does not reallocate it to serve further landing
calls.
|
Floor: terminal
|
The highest and lowest
floors at the extremities of travel of an elevator car within a building
zone.
|
Floor: top terminal
|
Highest floor in a
building zone from which elevator cars can load and unload passengers.
|
Flow divider
|
Where the oil line is
divided into two or more lines either through branching pipe fittings or a
manifold.
|
Flywheel
|
A rotating mass usually
attached to the electric motor shaft, sized to provide inertia in the system
sufficient to prevent a sudden stop of the low inertia motor rotor, if the
power is removed from the motor when running full speed.
|
Flywheel (1)
|
A disc located on the
motor shaft of an elevator and normally used for hand winding.
|
Flywheel (2)
|
A disc located on the
motor shaft of an escalator.
|
Foundation
|
The reinforced concrete
base on which the escalator truss supports are mounted.
|
Frame: cantilevered car
|
The type of frame that is
only guided or supported on one side, with the cabin support beams
cantilevered out from the uprights. See also rucksack elevators.
|
Frame: car. [syn: sling]
|
A supporting frame
consisting of stiles, cross beam, safety plank and platform to which the
guide shoes, car safety and hoisting ropes or hydraulic plunger or cylinder
is attached.
|
Frame-size
|
Commonly used to indicate
the size of an electrical drive motor.
|
In the next article, we will explain Glossary of Lift Traffic design calculations – Part Two. Please, keep following.
The previous and related articles
are listed in below table:
Subject Of Previous
Article
|
Article
|
Applicable Standards and Codes
Used In This Course,
The Need for Lifts,
The Efficient Elevator Design Solution
Parts of Elevator System Design Process
Overview of Elevator Design and
Supply Chain Process.
|
|
The
Concept of Traffic Planning,
The (4) Methods
of Traffic Design Calculations,
Principles of
Interior Building Circulation:
A- Efficiency of Interior
Circulation
|
|
B- Human Factors
|
|
C- Circulation and Handling Capacity
Factors:
Corridor handling capacity,
Portal handling capacity,
Stairway handling capacity,
Escalator handling capacity,
|
|
Passenger Conveyors (Moving Walkways and Ramps) handling
capacity,
Lifts Handling Capacity.
D- Location And Arrangement Of Transportation Facilities
|
|
Traffic design calculations:
1- Calculation of the Number of Round Trips for a Single Car,
2- Estimation of Population,
3- Calculation of the Average Number of Passengers per Trip (P),
4- Calculation of the Uppeak Handling Capacity (UPPHC),
5- Calculation of the Waiting Interval (Passenger Waiting Time),
6- Calculation of The percentage population served (%POP),
|
|
7- Estimation of Arrival Rate,
8- Calculation of the Round Trip Time RTT,
|
|
9- Calculation of the quality of service (Grade of
Service)
|
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Methods for Lift Traffic Design Calculations:
First Method: The Conventional Design Method
|
|
Second Method: The Iterative Balance Method
|
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How To Size The Lift Motor KW/HP:
1- Professional Formulas Method,
2- Baldor Formulas Method,
3- Equivalent Weight Method,
4- Buildings Energy Code (BEC)’S Tables Method,
5- Baldor Tables Method,
6- Curves Method.
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